What is the Somogyi phenomenon?

The Somogyi phenomenon refers to the occurrence of overnight hypoglycemia followed by a rebound hyperglycemia in the morning. This phenomenon typically happens when there is excessive administration of insulin, resulting in low blood glucose levels during the night. In response to the hypoglycemic state, the body releases counter-regulatory hormones, such as glucagon and epinephrine, which stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver, ultimately leading to elevated blood sugar levels by morning.

Understanding this phenomenon is essential for managing diabetes, as it emphasizes the importance of monitoring blood glucose levels to avoid both hypoglycemia during the night and subsequent hyperglycemia upon waking. In contrast to other options, the Somogyi phenomenon specifically highlights the interplay between low and high blood sugar levels in a cycle triggered by insulin.

The other options reference different physiological responses and conditions related to blood sugar levels but do not encapsulate the unique cycle of hypoglycemia followed by hyperglycemia characteristic of the Somogyi effect. Recognizing this phenomenon helps in adjusting insulin doses or dietary strategies to prevent these fluctuations.